克氏针茅典型草原区建植人工草地的探索

发展优质高产的人工草地是有效解决草畜矛盾的途径之一。以羊草、披碱草、冰草、紫花苜蓿为实验材料,在呼伦贝尔市新巴尔虎右旗克氏针茅草原区开展人工草地实验。结果表明:建植当年,四种牧草都有较好的出苗率。建植第二年,羊草、披碱草和冰草的株丛数之间无显著差异,显著高于紫花苜蓿的株丛数;羊草和冰草的返青率高于30%,显著大于披碱草的返青率,紫花苜蓿的返青率最低,低于2%,显著小于披碱草的返青率;羊草、披碱草和冰草三种禾草之间的叶氮和叶绿素含量差异均不显著,紫花苜蓿叶片氮和叶绿素含量高于三种禾草;羊草、披碱草和冰草的植株高度为30~40 cm,差异不显著,紫花苜蓿的植株高度最低,为21.6 cm,显著低于其他三种禾草的植株高度;紫花苜蓿地上生物量显著低于三种禾草。受该区域冬季寒冷和生长季干旱的气候限制,需要综合评价确立该区域建植人工草地的可行性。     

基于牧区可持续发展的内蒙古阿巴嘎旗草原保护红线划定问题研究

草原保护红线关系到牧区的可持续发展,也是从生态发展角度探讨民族地区经济社会发展的突破口。草原保护红线的划定必须要因地制宜。在分析牧区可持续发展的基础上,以内蒙古阿巴嘎旗为例,提出了划定草原保护红线的基本保护方向,总结出红线的划定能够促进生态牧区的形成,逐步实现牧区可持续发展的基本经验。     

不同放牧梯度上草原群落空间异质性的比较研究

以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原为研究对象,利用幂函数法则定量地分析在轻度放牧、中度放牧和重度放牧3种不同利用方式下,群落的物种组成、物种多样性、群落空间异质性等群落特征。结果表明:随着放牧强度的增加,群落组成结构改变,群落丰富度逐渐降低,轻牧＞中牧＞重牧;不同放牧梯度上,各物种种群在实际分布上均具有较强的空间异质性,即偏离随机分布呈现集中分布趋势;不同放牧梯度上,群落总体空间异质性指数变化规律为轻牧=重牧＞中牧,均匀度指数的变化规律为中牧＞轻牧＞重牧。     

New and little‐known species of Didemnidae (Ascidiacea,Tunicata) from Australia (Part 3)

The majority of the 58 species discussed, including 10 new species, were collected by scuba divers at 5–10?m in waters around Australia. Species are from Leptoclinides (11), Polysyncraton (11), Didemnum (19), Trididemnum (7), Lissoclinum (8), Clitella (1), and Diplosoma (1), and new species are in all except Trididemnum and Diplosoma. Additional characters (including a pyloric vesicle reported previously in the Holozoidae and several unrelated didemnid taxa) have been detected for the monotypic genus Clitella Kott, , which is recorded for only the second time. A review of known Australian ascidian species confirms the Didemnidae as the most speciose ascidian family in these waters. In this family, there appears not to be appreciable gene flow between tropical and temperate waters and few species have a continuous tropical–temperate range. A preponderance of Western Pacific non‐indigenous species is in the north, while indigenous species, some probably isolated from related tropical ones, are dominant in the temperate waters of the southern half of the continent. Although intraspecific variation and convergence obscures species differences, some aspects of the living organisms detected in in situ photographs contribute to identification. Keys to Australian didemnid species described since the publication of the Australian Ascidiacea part 4, Didemnidae (Kott ) are included.     

草原退化过程中植物功能群数量特征的变化

本研究以内蒙古高原东部克鲁伦河流域的放牧退化草原作为研究对象，在植物功能群划分的基础上，比较不同类别功能群在放牧梯度上的垂直分异和地上生物量的空间分布。结果显示：在中度放牧条件下，水分生态型功能群和种子传播类型功能群的植物生长较好；在轻牧区，生活型功能群的物种高度最大；生育型功能群中，匍匐型植物随着放牧强度的增加而减少。地上生物量的分布而言，植物水分生态型功能群中，旱生植物在中度和轻度放牧区占有绝对优势地位，强旱生植物在强度放牧区优势明显；植物生活型功能群中，多年生草本植物在不同放牧强度下都占有明显优势；生育型功能群中，丛生型植物在中度和轻度放牧区分布较广，重度放牧区中鳞茎植物占优势；从种子传播类型功能群来看，重力传播方式的植物在重度放牧区占绝对优势主。在中度放牧条件下草原群落的物种多样性最高。     

Japanese white-eyes (Aves: Zosteropidae) as potential pollinators of summer-flowering Taxillus kaempferi (Loranthaceae)

The pollination of summer-flowering plants by birds has rarely been reported in temperate Asia and Europe. However, we recorded the Japanese white-eye Zosterops japonicus (Passeriformes: Zosteropidae) visiting the flowers of the hemiparasitic plant Taxillus kaempferi (Loranthaceae) during mid-summer (July to August) in a temperate forest in central Japan. Field observations showed that Z. japonicus was an almost exclusive flower visitor of T. kaempferi. Specifically, Z. japonicus inserted their bills frequently into the flower tubes of T. kaempferi. The corollas of T. kaempferi were shorter than Z. japonicus bills, suggesting that Z. japonicus is able to obtain floral nectar from T. kaempferi. Close-up pictures of Z. japonicus visiting flowers showed that the upper bill and facial feathers of Z. japonicus came into contact with the reproductive organs of T. kaempferi, leading to the attachment of pollen to these body parts. Thus, Z. japonicus might act as an important pollinator of the summer-flowering plant T. kaempferi.?     

基于TM影像的大庆市区草原退化研究

本文以景观生态学理论为基础,利用1978、1988、1992、1996、2001年五期TM遥感影像,采用遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）相结合的方法,采用遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）相结合的方法,探讨了大庆市草地景观的变化特征．结果表明,1977—1988年间大庆市草地面积减少了5、34％．1988—1992年大庆市草地面积显著下降,草地面积减少了8．1％．1992—1996年草地面积减少了5．79％．1996—2002年草地面积减少了3．65％．同时草地景观的破碎化显著,1977年、1988年、1992年、1996年、2001年景观的分维值分别为1．596、1．582、1．716、1．785、1．798．表明大庆市草地受人为因素的影响较大．     

Characteristics of recent temperate glacier fluctuations in the Parlung Zangbo River basin,southeast Tibetan Plateau

Little is known about recent variation of temperate glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau, although they are of particular theoretical and practical interests in terms of climate change and water supply. The study of glacier mass balance and terminus variation for six temperate glaciers in the Parlung Zangbo River basin, southeast Tibetan Plateau, shows the facts of the overall negative mass balance and the continued terminus retreat from 2005/2006 to 2007/2008. The mass balances of smaller glaciers were more negative compared to larger glaciers. Referring the trend of glacier mass balance in the Hengduan Mountains, the Himalayas and glacier shrinkage in southeast Tibetan Plateau, the mass loss and recession of temperate glacier in this region are expected if the current climate condition continues.     

气候变化对草地畜牧业及生产力的影响

简述了草地及饲草的概念,介绍了平顺县气候变化背景和草地畜牧业的现状,分析了气候变化对草地畜牧业及生产力的影响,在此基础上提出了应对气候变化的具体措施。     

生物多样性和生态系统功能对全球变化的响应与适应:进展与展望*

  人类活动引起的土地利用/覆盖变化、气候变化、大气CO2浓度增高和氮沉降加剧等使得生物有机体的性状、种间关系、分布格局与生物多样性发生改变,进而影响生态系统过程和功能,并最终影响人类的生存和社会经济的可持续发展。应用全球变化实验结合环境梯度研究方法,我们已经就我国主要的森林生态系统和草地生态系统对全球变化的响应与适应作了初步研究。基于已开展的实验研究和数据积累,以协同研究为主要手段,结合我国独特的自然条件,今后将加强以下四个方面工作:①开展长期的多因子实验;②构建动态物种分布模拟体系;③构建数据模型融合系统;④生态系统对全球变化的区域响应和适应性的集成分析。